Economic Sociology and Political Economy - November 7, 2017
by Federico M. Rossi
Neoliberalism has been defined as crucial
to the reformulation of state-society relations in the postcorporatist
period because it has undermined the national-populist or – as Cavarozzi
and Garretón (1989) called it – “state-centered matrix”, through the
weakening, and sometimes destruction, of existing corporatist
arrangements (Oxhorn, 1998).
Neoliberalism has also caused the
sociopolitical exclusion or – as I call it – “disincorporation” of the
popular sectors. However, exclusion was intensely resisted by social
movements mobilizing the popular sectors, such as the landless peasants
in Brazil, the indigenous in Bolivia and Ecuador, and the unemployed in
Argentina, contributing to a resurgence of the left (Rossi, 2015).
A growing body of literature is examining
the turn toward leftist governments (Cameron and Hershberg, 2010;
Levitsky and Roberts, 2011). Some scholars associate what might be
considered as the end of neoliberalism with the accession of left-wing
or populist parties to power in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador,
Uruguay, and Venezuela (Grugel and Riggirozzi, 2012). While the access
to power of some left-wing or populist parties seems to be relevant for
the application of inclusionary policies (Huber and Stephens, 2012), I
argue that we need to add extra layers of empirical detail and
theoretical density to the “left turn” thesis to explain the complexity
of the macro-process of transformation in Latin America’s political
arena.
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